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Resilience and Flexibility Coordination in VPP-Based Multi-Agent Microgrids via a Multi-Layer Framework
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Hamed Neyahosseini1   , Afshin Lashkarara *2 , Hajar Bagheri Tolabi3 |
1- Department of Electrical Engineering, Dez.C., Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
2- Department of Electrical Engineering, Dez.C., Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran , Lashkarara@iau.ac.ir
3- Department of Electrical Engineering, Khor.C., Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran |
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Abstract: (12 Views) |
The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into multi-agent microgrids coordinated through Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) plays a vital role in enhancing the resilience and flexibility of modern distribution networks. However, the stochastic nature of renewable energy sources, dynamic load variations, and the complexity of coordinating autonomous agents necessitate advanced frameworks capable of effectively managing multi-objective, nonlinear, and uncertain problems. This study proposes a novel multi-layer coordination framework to synchronize resilience and flexibility in VPP-based multi-agent microgrids, which facilitates real-time information and resource exchange among agents. Furthermore, three new quantitative indices are introduced: the Resilience Coordination Index (RCI), the Flexibility Coordination Index (FCI), and the Multi-Agent Coordination Index (MCI), which evaluate system performance from an inter-agent coordination perspective. To solve the optimization problem, the Homeostatic Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) algorithm is employed. The proposed framework is evaluated on an IEEE 85-bus test system comprising three microgrids and diverse resources, including photovoltaic units, wind turbines, battery energy storage systems (BESS), microturbines, fuel cells, and electric vehicles. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework reduces operational costs by 13.05%, completely eliminates the Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) under fault conditions, and maintains bus voltages above 0.884 p.u. The RCI, FCI, and MCI indices reach values of 100.0%, 47.5%, and 51.8%, respectively, highlighting the significant superiority of the multi-agent framework over centralized and uncoordinated approaches. Sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of the proposed framework under diverse operational conditions. |
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| Keywords: Multi-agent microgrid, Virtual Power Plant (VPP), Resilience-flexibility coordination, Multi-layer framework, Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). |
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Full-Text [PDF 1829 kb]
(7 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/09/13 | Accepted: 2025/11/29 | Published: 2025/12/1
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